Topic: Industrial Microbial Products — Antibiotics, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules
| Cue Column | Note-Taking Column |
|---|---|
| Penicillin — who, when, where? | Alexander Fleming, 1928, from Penicillium notatum |
| Streptomycin — source? | Streptomyces griseus — treats tuberculosis (TB) |
| Streptokinase — source and use? | Streptococcus → thrombolytic enzyme (NOT antibiotic) |
| Lovastatin — source and mechanism? | Monascus purpureus → competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase |
| Cyclosporin A — source and use? | Trichoderma polysporum → immunosuppressant for organ transplants |
| Laundry enzymes? | Lipases (fat stains) + Proteases (protein stains) from microbes |
| Juice clarification enzyme? | Pectinase from Aspergillus — breaks down pectin |
Three Categories of Industrial Products:
| Category | Example | Source | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic | Penicillin | Penicillium notatum | Kills gram-positive bacteria |
| Antibiotic | Streptomycin | Streptomyces griseus | Kills TB bacteria |
| Enzyme | Streptokinase | Streptococcus | Dissolves blood clots |
| Enzyme | Lipases/Proteases | Various bacteria/fungi | Laundry detergents |
| Enzyme | Pectinase | Aspergillus | Clarifies fruit juice |
| Bioactive | Lovastatin | Monascus purpureus | Lowers cholesterol |
| Bioactive | Cyclosporin A | Trichoderma polysporum | Prevents organ rejection |
Summary Box: Streptokinase is the most common NEET trap: it is produced by Streptococcus (not Streptomyces), and it is an enzyme (not an antibiotic). Always classify: antibiotics kill bacteria; enzymes catalyze reactions; bioactive molecules modulate biological processes.