A changing magnetic field induces an electric field even in empty space (no conductor needed). This induced electric field is non-conservative — its field lines form closed loops (unlike the conservative electrostatic field). Faraday's law in terms of induced $E$: $\oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}$. For a solenoid with changing $B$: inside ($r < R$), $E = r\frac{dB}{2dt}$; outside ($r > R$), $E = \frac{R^2}{2r}\frac{dB}{dt}$. This is Maxwell's contribution connecting changing magnetic fields to electric fields.