Cue Column | Note-Taking Area
What diseases are bacterial? | Bacterial Diseases: | - Typhoid: Salmonella typhi → small intestine, intestinal perforation, sustained fever; Widal test | - Pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae + Haemophilus influenzae → alveoli fill with fluid; X-ray diagnosis
What diseases are viral? | Viral Diseases: | - Common cold: Rhinovirus → upper respiratory tract; nasal congestion, sore throat | - AIDS: HIV (retrovirus) → CD4+ T-helper cells; reverse transcriptase (RNA→DNA); ELISA diagnosis
What diseases are protozoan? | Protozoan Diseases: | - Malaria: Plasmodium vivax (benign tertian, 48h) / P. falciparum (malignant tertian) → female Anopheles; haemozoin | - Amoebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica → large intestine; bloody diarrhoea; stool microscopy
What diseases are helminth? | Helminth Diseases: | - Ascariasis: Ascaris lumbricoides → intestinal blockage; stool exam | - Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti/malayi → Culex mosquito; lymphatic swelling (elephantiasis)
Types of immunity? | Immunity Framework: | - Innate (non-specific): physical, physiological, cellular (NK cells, macrophages), cytokine (interferons) | - Adaptive: humoral (B-cells → plasma cells → antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) | + cell-mediated (T-cells: helper, cytotoxic, suppressor)
Active vs Passive? | Active immunity: self-produces antibodies; slow onset; long-lasting; memory cells | Natural (infection) or Artificial (vaccination) | Passive immunity: receives preformed antibodies; immediate; short-lived; NO memory | Natural (IgG via placenta, IgA via colostrum) or Artificial (antiserum)
Cancer basics? | Cancer: | - Oncogenes (mutated proto-oncogenes) → promote division | - Tumor suppressors (p53, Rb) → inhibit division (mutated in cancer) | - Benign = localized; Malignant = metastasis via blood/lymph | - Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
Drug abuse? | Drugs: | - Heroin (opioid, CNS depressant) → Papaver somniferum | - Cocaine (CNS stimulant, blocks dopamine reuptake) → Erythroxylum coca | - Cannabinoids → Cannabis sativa → cardiovascular effects | - Nicotine → lung cancer, emphysema
Summary (bottom of page)
Human Health & Disease covers 4 pathogen groups (bacterial, viral, protozoan, helminth), 2 immunity arms (innate + adaptive), cancer biology (oncogenes vs tumor suppressors, benign vs malignant), and substance abuse. Key vectors: Anopheles → malaria; Culex → filariasis. Key diagnostic tests: Widal → typhoid; ELISA → HIV; blood smear → malaria. IgG crosses placenta; IgA in colostrum; IgE mediates allergy.
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