Formula Sheet — Key Values, Equations, and Ions — Notes

$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ + $6O_{2}$ → $6CO_{2}$ + $6H_{2}O$ + 38 ATP

Stage	Direct ATP	NADH → ATP	$FADH_{2}$ → ATP	GTP → ATP	Stage Total
Glycolysis	2 ATP (net)	2 × 3 = 6	—	—	8
Oxidative decarboxylation	0	2 × 3 = 6	—	—	6
TCA cycle (×2 turns)	0	6 × 3 = 18	2 × 2 = 4	2	24
Grand Total	2	30	4	2	38

Note: If glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used → cytoplasmic 2 NADH yield 4 ATP (not 6) → total = 36 ATP

Substrate	RQ	Formula used
Carbohydrates (glucose)	1.0	$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ + $6O_{2}$ → $6CO_{2}$ + $6H_{2}O$ ; RQ = 6/6
Fats (tripalmitin)	~0.7	Long hydrocarbon chains need more $O_{2}$
Proteins	~0.8	Intermediate oxidation state
Organic acids (malic acid)	~1.33	$C_{4}H_{6}O_{5}$ + 3 $O_{2}$ → 4C $O_{2}$ + $3H_{2}O$ ; RQ = 4/3
CAM plants (night)	∞	C $O_{2}$ fixed internally; $O_{2}$ consumed, no external C $O_{2}$ released
Germinating fatty seeds	<1 → 1	Fats first, then carbohydrates

NADH → 3 ATP (enters at Complex I; pumps $H^{+}$ through Complexes I, III, IV)
$FADH_{2}$ → 2 ATP (enters at Complex II; bypasses Complex I; only Complexes III, IV pump $H^{+}$ )

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate), N $AD^{+}$ , CoA
RQ formula: RQ = Volume C $O_{2}$ evolved / Volume $O_{2}$ consumed