Part of HP-07 — Chemical Coordination & Integration (Endocrine System)

Formula and Values Sheet — Endocrine Numbers

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Key Numerical Values for NEET

ParameterNormal RangeClinical Significance
Fasting blood glucose70–100 mg/dL (3.9–5.6 mmol/L)Below 70 = hypoglycaemia; Above 126 (fasting) = diabetes
Post-meal blood glucose (2h)< 140 mg/dL140–199 = impaired glucose tolerance; ≥ 200 = diabetes
Serum calcium8.5–10.5 mg/dL (2.1–2.6 mmol/L)< 8.5 = hypocalcaemia (tetany risk); > 10.5 = hypercalcaemia
Serum sodium (Na+)135–145 mEq/L< 135 = hyponatraemia; > 145 = hypernatraemia
Serum potassium (K+)3.5–5.0 mEq/L< 3.5 = hypokalaemia (aldosterone excess risk)
TSH normal range0.4–4.0 mIU/LHigh TSH = primary hypothyroidism; Low TSH = hyperthyroidism
Serum T45–12 µg/dLGuides TSH interpretation
Cortisol (AM)6–23 µg/dLExcess = Cushing's; deficiency = Addison's
Urine output (normal)1–2 L/day> 3 L/day = polyuria (DI or DM)
Urine output (diabetes insipidus)Up to 15–20 L/dayKey distinguishing feature

Key Iodine Numbers for Thyroid Hormones

  • T3 = triiodothyronine = 3 iodine atoms
  • T4 = tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) = 4 iodine atoms
  • T3 is 3–5× more potent than T4
  • T4 : T3 ratio in thyroid secretion ≈ 20:1

Hormone Chemical Nature at a Glance

ClassExamplesKey feature
PeptidesInsulin, GH, ADH, oxytocin, PTH, glucagon, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, calcitonin, prolactinWater-soluble; surface receptor; cAMP
SteroidsCortisol, aldosterone, androgens, oestrogen, progesterone, testosteroneLipid-soluble; intracellular receptor; gene expression
Amines/catecholaminesAdrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (PIF), melatoninDerived from tyrosine (catecholamines) or tryptophan (melatonin)
Iodinated amino acidsT3, T4Lipid-soluble despite amino acid origin; intracellular receptor
GlycoproteinsFSH, LH, TSH, hCGPeptide with carbohydrate side chains

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