Passage 1: Five Kingdom Classification

The enormous diversity of life — estimated at over (1)___ million species — necessitated a systematic classification. R.H. (2)___ proposed the Five Kingdom Classification in (3). The five kingdoms are (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8). This classification was based on five criteria: cell structure (9)___ vs (10); body organisation; (11) of nutrition; mode of reproduction; and (12)___ relationships.

Passage 2: Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera includes all (13)___ organisms. Archaebacteria living in marshy areas and cattle rumen are called (14); those in high-salt environments are called (15); those in hot acidic springs are called (16). A key feature of Archaebacteria is that their cell walls lack (17). The four morphological types of bacteria are: (18)___ (spherical), (19)___ (rod), (20)___ (comma), and (21)___ (spiral). (22)___ bacteria retain crystal violet in Gram staining due to their thick peptidoglycan layer, while (23)___ bacteria do not. Cyanobacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised thick-walled cells called (24). The smallest living cell, which completely lacks a cell wall, is (25).

Passage 3: Kingdom Protista & Fungi

Diatoms are members of (26)___ and their siliceous cell walls are called (27). These accumulate as (28) used for filtration and polishing. (29)___ is a dinoflagellate that causes red tides. Euglena is described as (30)___ because it photosynthesises in light and feeds heterotrophically in darkness. Its flexible protein covering is called a (31). The body of a fungus is called (32) — a network of (33). Fungi store energy as (34) (not starch). Their cell walls are made of (35). The class of fungi with coenocytic (aseptate) mycelium is (36). Ascomycetes produce sexual spores called (37)___ inside structures called (38). Basidiomycetes are called (39) fungi because they produce (40)___ on club-shaped (41)___.

Passage 4: Lichens, Viruses, Viroids, Prions

A lichen is a symbiotic association between an alga called the (42)___ and a fungus called the (43). Lichens are excellent (44) of air pollution because they are extremely sensitive to (45). Their growth forms include (46) (flat), (47)___ (leaf-like), and (48)___ (shrub-like).

Viruses were first studied by (49)___ for rabies and (50)___ who discovered TMV in (51). A virus contains either (52) or (53)___ but never both. TMV has a (54)___ protein coat and contains (55). Bacteriophages infect (56) and contain (57)___ genetic material enclosed in an (58)___ head. Viroids were discovered by (59)___ and consist of naked (60)___ RNA without any (61)___ coat. They cause plant diseases such as (62). Prions, discovered by (63), are infectious (64)___ with no (65)___ acid and cause neurodegenerative diseases like (66)___ and (67)___ in humans.