Section A: Chemical Evolution

1. The chemical evolution theory was independently proposed by _____ and _____ in the 1920s.
2. The Miller-Urey experiment used _____, _____, _____, and _____ as reactants.
3. Free _____ was absent in the Miller-Urey experiment because the early Earth had a _____ atmosphere.
4. The energy source in the Miller-Urey experiment was _____, simulating _____.
5. The products of the Miller-Urey experiment included _____ and _____.

Answers: 1. Oparin, Haldane | 2. CH4, NH3, H2, H2O | 3. oxygen, reducing | 4. electric sparks, lightning | 5. amino acids (glycine, alanine), organic molecules

Section B: Homologous and Analogous Organs

6. Homologous organs have the _____ embryonic origin but _____ functions.
7. Analogous organs have _____ embryonic origins but _____ functions.
8. Homologous organs are evidence of _____ evolution from a _____ ancestor.
9. Analogous organs are evidence of _____ evolution due to _____ environmental pressures.
10. Bat wings and butterfly wings are _____ organs; bat wings and bird wings are _____ organs.

Answers: 6. same, different | 7. different, similar | 8. divergent, common | 9. convergent, similar | 10. analogous, homologous

Section C: Hardy-Weinberg

11. The H-W genotype frequency equation is _____.
12. In H-W equilibrium, $p^{2}$ represents _____, 2pq represents _____, $q^{2}$ represents _____.
13. If q = 0.3, carrier frequency = _____.
14. The five conditions for H-W equilibrium are: no _____, no _____, no _____, _____ population, _____ mating.
15. H-W equilibrium serves as a _____ hypothesis — deviations indicate _____ is occurring.

Answers: 11. $p^{2}$ + 2pq + $q^{2}$ = 1 | 12. AA frequency, Aa frequency, aa frequency | 13. 2(0.7)(0.3) = 0.42 = 42% | 14. mutation, migration, selection, large, random | 15. null, evolution

Section D: Human Evolution

16. The first confirmed bipedal hominid was , living ~ million years ago.
17. Homo habilis means _____ and was the first _____.
18. Homo erectus was the first hominid to use _____ and the first to _____ out of Africa.
19. Modern Homo sapiens sapiens appeared ~_____ years ago with brain volume ~_____ cc.
20. The mnemonic "Don't Rush, Australians Have Eaten Sausages" represents: D=, R=, A=, H=, E=, S=.

Answers: 16. Australopithecus, 5 | 17. "Handy man," tool-maker | 18. fire, migrate | 19. 2 lakh (200,000), 1300-1400 | 20. Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens