Blanks (cover the answer key and attempt first)

1. The overall equation for aerobic respiration is: $C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ + _____ → $6CO_{2}$ + $6H_{2}O$ + Energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the _____ of the cell.
3. The net ATP yield from glycolysis is _____ ATP.
4. The rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis is _____.
5. Pyruvate (3C) is converted to _____ (2C) during oxidative decarboxylation.
6. The enzyme complex that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA is _____, which requires _____, N$AD^{+}$, and CoA as cofactors.
7. The TCA cycle occurs in the _____.
8. The first product of the TCA cycle (formed when acetyl CoA condenses with OAA) is _____.
9. Per turn of the TCA cycle, _____ NADH, _____ $FADH_{2}$, and _____ GTP are produced.
10. The ETS is located on the _____ mitochondrial membrane.
11. _____ is the final electron acceptor in the ETS.
12. NADH donates electrons at Complex _____, yielding _____ ATP.
13. $FADH_{2}$ donates electrons at Complex _____, yielding _____ ATP.
14. The mobile lipid-soluble carrier in the ETS that collects electrons from Complexes I and II is _____.
15. The mobile water-soluble carrier that transfers electrons from Complex III to Complex IV is _____.
16. The chemiosmotic hypothesis was proposed by _____.
17. The total theoretical ATP yield from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration is _____.
18. If the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used, the ATP yield decreases to _____.
19. The RQ for carbohydrates is _____, for fats is approximately _____, and for organic acids (e.g., malic acid) is approximately _____.
20. _____ fermentation produces ethanol and $CO_{2}$, while _____ fermentation produces lactate.
21. Both types of fermentation regenerate _____ from _____, allowing glycolysis to continue.
22. The TCA cycle is described as _____ because it serves both catabolic and anabolic functions.
23. Vitamin $B_{1}$ (thiamine) deficiency impairs _____ because TPP is a required cofactor.
24. The number of $CO_{2}$ molecules released per glucose during aerobic respiration is _____ (total).
25. Substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle occurs at the _____ → succinate step.

Answer Key

1. $6O_{2}$
2. Cytoplasm (cytosol)
3. 2 ATP
4. Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
5. Acetyl CoA
6. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
7. Mitochondrial matrix
8. Citrate
9. 3 NADH; 1 $FADH_{2}$; 1 GTP
10. Inner
11. Molecular oxygen ($O_{2}$)
12. Complex I; 3 ATP
13. Complex II; 2 ATP
14. Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q / CoQ)
15. Cytochrome c
16. Peter Mitchell
17. 38 ATP
18. 36 ATP
19. 1.0; 0.7; 1.33
20. Alcoholic; Lactic acid
21. N$AD^{+}$; NADH
22. Amphibolic
23. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (oxidative decarboxylation)
24. 6 $CO_{2}$ (2 from link reaction + 4 from TCA)
25. Succinyl CoA