Section A: Carbohydrates

1. The empirical formula for carbohydrates is ______.
2. Glucose and fructose are ______ (hexoses/pentoses) while ribose is a ______.
3. Sucrose is made of ______ + ______. Lactose is made of ______ + ______.
4. Starch uses ______-glycosidic bonds; cellulose uses ______-glycosidic bonds.
5. The storage polysaccharide in plants is ______; in animals it is ______.
6. Chitin is found in ______ and ______; it uses ______-glycosidic bonds.
7. Amylopectin has branches every ______ glucose units; glycogen branches every ______ units.

Section B: Proteins

8. ______ bonds link amino acids in polypeptide chains.
9. There are ______ different amino acids used in protein synthesis.
10. Secondary structure is stabilized by ______ bonds, forming either ______ or ______.
11. Example of alpha-helix protein: ______. Beta-pleated sheet: ______.
12. Tertiary structure is stabilized by ______ bonds, ______ interactions, ______ bonds, and ______ bonds.
13. Haemoglobin has ______ subunits (______ alpha + ______ beta chains) — this is ______ structure.
14. Apoenzyme + ______ = ______.

Section C: Enzymes

15. Enzymes lower the ______ energy. They do NOT change ______ or ______.
16. The induced fit model was proposed by ______ in ______; the lock-and-key model by ______ in ______.
17. Six enzyme classes (in order): O=, T=, H=, L=, I=, L=.
18. Competitive inhibitor → Km ______ (increases/decreases), Vmax ______ (unchanged/decreases).
19. Non-competitive inhibitor → Km ______, Vmax ______.
20. Malonate is a ______ inhibitor of ______ dehydrogenase.
21. N$AD^{+}$ is derived from vitamin ______; FAD is derived from vitamin ______.
22. Apoenzyme = ______ part (inactive). Holoenzyme = apoenzyme + ______.
23. A ribozyme is an ______ molecule with catalytic activity. Discovered by ______ (Nobel Prize ______).
24. Km is the substrate concentration at which v = ______. Low Km = ______ affinity.

Section D: Nucleic Acids & Lipids

25. In DNA, A pairs with ______ via ______ H-bonds. G pairs with ______ via ______ H-bonds.
26. RNA contains ______ sugar and uses ______ instead of thymine.
27. Triglyceride = ______ + ______ fatty acids (via ______ bonds).
28. Phospholipid = ______ + ______ fatty acids + ______ group. This makes it ______.
29. Steroids are derived from ______. Examples: ______ (membrane), ______ (stress hormone).
30. Saturated fatty acids have ______ double bonds and are ______ at room temperature.

Answers

1. ($CH_{2}O$)n | 2. hexoses, pentose | 3. Glucose+Fructose, Galactose+Glucose | 4. alpha, beta | 5. starch, glycogen | 6. fungi, arthropods, beta | 7. 24-30, 8-12 | 8. peptide | 9. 20 | 10. hydrogen, alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet | 11. keratin, silk fibroin | 12. disulphide, hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen | 13. 4, 2, 2, quaternary | 14. cofactor, holoenzyme | 15. activation, equilibrium, $\Delta G$ | 16. Koshland, 1958, Fischer, 1894 | 17. Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases | 18. increases, unchanged | 19. unchanged, decreases | 20. competitive, succinate | 21. Niacin (B3), Riboflavin (B2) | 22. protein, cofactor | 23. RNA, Cech/Altman, 1989 | 24. ½ Vmax, high | 25. Thymine, 2, Cytosine, 3 | 26. ribose, uracil | 27. glycerol, 3, ester | 28. glycerol, 2, phosphate, amphipathic | 29. cholesterol, cholesterol, cortisol | 30. no/zero, solid