TOP 10 MUST-KNOW FACTS (Review 30 minutes before exam)

1. Bile has ZERO enzymes — bile SALTS only emulsify fats. Pancreatic lipase digests fats.
2. Enterokinase = DUODENAL MUCOSA (NOT pancreas) → activates trypsinogen → trypsin → all other proenzymes
3. Fats → LACTEALS → thoracic duct → subclavian vein (bypass liver). Glucose/amino acids → blood capillaries → portal vein → liver.
4. Large intestine = water + minerals ONLY (no glucose, no amino acids, no fat absorbed). Bacteria → vitamins B + K.
5. Kwashiorkor = oedema (protein deficiency → low albumin → low oncotic pressure). Marasmus = wasting (total calorie deficiency, NO oedema).
6. HCl activates pepsinogen → pepsin (in stomach). Enterokinase activates trypsinogen → trypsin (in duodenum). Different enzymes, different locations.
7. Villi + microvilli = 600-fold surface area amplification in small intestine.
8. CCK = bile + enzymes (gallbladder + pancreatic acinar cells). Secretin = bicarbonate only (pancreatic ductal cells). Never confuse these two.
9. Glucose absorption = active transport (SGLT) + $Na^{+}$ gradient in jejunum. Not passive, not lacteals.
10. Rugae = stomach (expansion); Villi = small intestine (absorption); Haustra = large intestine (sacculations). Each organ has ONE unique structural feature.

TOP 5 NUMBERS/VALUES (Must Memorize Exactly)

TOP 3 NEET TRAPS (Never Fall For These)

Trap 1: "Bile contains lipase that digests fats"

• ALWAYS WRONG. Bile has NO enzymes. Lipase is pancreatic.

Trap 2: "Enterokinase is secreted by the pancreas"

• ALWAYS WRONG. Enterokinase is from the duodenal mucosa (intestinal).

Trap 3: "Glucose/amino acids are absorbed into lacteals"

• ALWAYS WRONG. Only FATS (as chylomicrons) go into lacteals. Glucose + amino acids → blood capillaries.

4-Hormone Quick Reference