**CHARGES:** q = ne; e = \$1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C; conservation + quantization + additive
**COULOMB:** F = kq_{1}q_{2}/$r^{2}$; k = \$9 \times 10^{9}$ N $m^{2}$/$C^{2}$; [F] = [M$LT^{-2}$]
**FIELD:** E = kQ/$r^{2}$; [E] = [M$LT^{-3}$$A^{-1}$]; inside conductor E = 0; inside insulator E = kQr/$R^{3}$
**DIPOLE:** p = q·2l; E_axial = 2kp/$r^{3}$; E_eq = kp/$r^{3}$; V_eq = 0; τ = pE sinθ
**GAUSS:** Φ = q_enc/ε_{0}; Wire: λ/2πε_{0}r; Plane: σ/2ε_{0}; Sphere: kQ/$r^{2}$ (outside)
**POTENTIAL:** V = kQ/r; E = −dV/dr; W_equipotential = 0
**CAPACITOR:** C = ε_{0}A/d; with dielectric: KC; Series: 1/C_eq = Σ1/Cᵢ; Parallel: C_eq = ΣCᵢ
**ENERGY:** U = ½$CV^{2}$ = $Q^{2}$/2C = ½QV
**DIELECTRIC RULE:** Connected → V constant, C↑K, U↑K | Disconnected → Q constant, V↓K, U↓K
**KEY RATIOS:** E_axial : E_eq = 2:1 | Series smaller C → more energy | Parallel larger C → more energy$
Part of ES-01 — Electrostatics
Exam Cheat Sheet — Electrostatics Ultra-Condensed
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