Part of GEN-02 — Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Sex Linkage & Genetic Disorders

Diagram Note — Sex Determination Systems Comparison

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Three Sex Determination Systems — Visual Reference

XY Sex Determination (Drosophila model — basis for understanding XX/XY system in humans and other organisms)

SystemOrganismMale karyotypeFemale karyotypeHeterogametic sexGametes from heterogametic sex
XX-XYHumans, Drosophila, most mammalsXY (2n)XX (2n)MaleX sperm + Y sperm (1:1)
XX-XOGrasshopper, cockroachXO (2n-1)XX (2n)MaleX sperm + O sperm (1:1)
ZW-ZZBirds, butterflies, some fishZZ (2n)ZW (2n)FemaleZ egg + W egg (1:1)

Diagram Labels for XX-XY Human System

  • Father gametes: 22+X (produces daughter) and 22+Y (produces son) — in equal proportions
  • Mother gametes: 22+X only (all eggs are X-bearing)
  • Zygote XX: female (44+XX = 46 chromosomes total)
  • Zygote XY: male (44+XY = 46 chromosomes total)

Key Rule Summary

  1. XX-XY: Male heterogametic → father determines sex
  2. XX-XO: Male heterogametic → male has one fewer chromosome than female
  3. ZW-ZZ: Female heterogametic → female determines sex (reverse of humans)

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