Part of OC-07 — Carboxylic Acids

Diagram Note — Reaction Mechanism with SMILES

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HVZ Reaction Mechanism (Propanoic Acid → 2-Chloropropanoic Acid)

Step 1: Red P + Cl2 → PCl3 (in situ)

Step 2: PCl3 + CH3CH2COOH (CCC(=O)O) → CH3CH2COCl (propanoyl chloride, CCC(=O)Cl) + H3PO3

Step 3: CH3CH2COCl tautomerizes to enol: CC(=C(Cl)O) (alpha-enol intermediate)

Step 4: Cl2 attacks enol at alpha-carbon: CH3CHClCOCl (2-chloro intermediate)

Step 5: Hydrolysis of acyl chloride: CH3CHClCOCl + H2O → CH3CHClCOOH (CC(Cl)C(=O)O) + HCl

Final product SMILES: CC(Cl)C(=O)O = 2-chloropropanoic acid

Fischer Esterification Mechanism (Acetic Acid + Ethanol)

Reaction: CC(=O)O + CCO --[H2SO4]--> CCOC(=O)C + H2O

StepDescriptionKey Feature
1H+ protonates C=O oxygen of CH3COOHMakes carbonyl C more electrophilic
2Ethanol O attacks protonated carbonyl CNew C–O bond forms; tetrahedral intermediate
3Proton transfers within intermediateInternal proton migration
4Water loss from tetrahedral intermediateForms oxocarbenium ion
5Deprotonation gives ester productH+ regenerated (catalyst)

Key SMILES Labels:

CompoundSMILES
Acetic acidCC(=O)O
EthanolCCO
Ethyl acetateCCOC(=O)C
Propanoic acidCCC(=O)O
2-Chloropropanoic acidCC(Cl)C(=O)O
Benzoic acidOC(=O)c1ccccc1
Trichloroacetic acidOC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl
Formic acidOC=O

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