| Cell: Unit of Life | Prokaryote vs Eukaryote | Monera = prokaryotic; all others = eukaryotic; 70S (bacteria) vs 80S (eukaryotes) ribosomes |
| Plant Kingdom | Plant cell wall (cellulose) | Fungi cell wall = chitin (NOT cellulose); Plants = cellulose |
| Animal Kingdom | No cell wall, holozoic nutrition | Animalia — same as Fungi (heterotrophic) but differ in cell wall (chitin in fungi, absent in animals) |
| Microbes in Human Welfare | Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria roles | Nostoc/Anabaena → biofertilisers; Saccharomyces → fermentation; fungi → cyclosporin, penicillin |
| Human Health & Disease | Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, prions | Protozoans cause malaria, sleeping sickness; prions cause BSE and CJD |
| Biotechnology | Agrobacterium, viral vectors | Bacteria and viruses used as tools in genetic engineering |
| Ecosystem | Decomposers, nitrogen cycle | Fungi and bacteria as decomposers; cyanobacteria fix N2 |