### Cornell Notes — Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases
| Cue (Question) | Notes (Answer) |
|---|---|
| What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? | Q = $\Delta U$ + W. Heat absorbed = change in internal energy + work done by gas. All quantities in joules [$ML^{2}$$T^{-2}$]. |
| Sign convention for NEET? | Q > 0 (absorbed), Q < 0 (released); W > 0 (expansion), W < 0 (compression); $\Delta U$ > 0 (temperature rises). |
| What is the Zeroth Law? | If A is in thermal equilibrium with B and B with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C. Defines temperature. |
| What is the Second Law (Kelvin-Planck)? | No cyclic engine can convert ALL absorbed heat into work. Efficiency < 100% always. |
| What is the Second Law (Clausius)? | Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot without external work. |
| Carnot efficiency formula? | η = 1 − $T_{2}$/$T_{1}$, where $T_{1}$ = hot reservoir (K), $T_{2}$ = cold reservoir (K). Kelvin ONLY. |
| What is the COP of a refrigerator? | COP = $Q_{2}$/W = $T_{2}$/($T_{1}$ − $T_{2}$). Can be > 1. |
| Ideal gas equation? | PV = nRT = Nk_BT. k_B = \$1.38 \times 10^{-2}$^{3} J/K. R = 8.314 J $mol^{-1}$ $K^{-1}$. |
| Three molecular speeds in order? | v_mp < v_avg < v_rms. Ratio = √2 : $\sqrt{8/π}$ : √3 ≈ 1 : 1.128 : 1.224. |
| Degrees of freedom and gamma? | Monoatomic: f = 3, γ = 5/3. Diatomic: f = 5, γ = 7/5. Polyatomic: f = 6, γ = 4/3. |
Part of THERM-01 — Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases
Cornell Notes: Full Topic Overview
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