Part of OC-04 — Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Comprehensive Comparison — SN1 vs SN2 vs E1 vs E2

by Notetube Official465 words3 views
FeatureSN1SN2E1E2
Steps2 (via carbocation)1 (concerted)2 (via carbocation)1 (concerted)
Rate lawRate = k[RX]Rate = k[RX][Nu-]Rate = k[RX]Rate = k[RX][Base]
MolecularityUnimolecular (RDS)BimolecularUnimolecular (RDS)Bimolecular
IntermediateCarbocation (sp2)None (TS only)Carbocation (sp2)None (TS only)
Substrate3° (stable C+)1° (least steric)3° (same as SN1)2° or 3°
Nucleophile/BaseWeak NuStrong NuWeak base, high TStrong, bulky base
SolventPolar protic (H2OH_{2}O, ROH)Polar aprotic (DMSO, DMF)Polar proticPolar protic or aprotic
StereochemistryRacemizationWalden inversionMixtures (from racemic C+)anti-periplanar geometry required
Rearrangements?Yes (via C+)NoYes (via C+)No
CompetitionCompetes with E1Competes with E2Competes with SN1Competes with SN2
Temperature effectLow T favors SN1 over E1T not criticalHigh T favors E1 over SN1Moderate-high T
ProductSubstitution (ROH, ROR, etc.)Substitution (ROH, RCN, etc.)Alkene (Saytzeff)Alkene (Saytzeff; Hofmann with bulky base)
Example substrate(CH3CH_{3})_{3}CBrCH_{3}$$CH_{2}Br(CH3CH_{3})_{3}CBr (high T)(CH3CH_{3})_{2}CHBr + t-BuO-
Example reagentH2OH_{2}ONaOH/DMSOH2OH_{2}O, heatKOH/EtOH, heat

Comparison of Halogen Properties:

HalideBond Length (pm)Bond Energy (kJ/mol)Leaving GroupSN2 Reactivity
C-F135 (shortest)485 (strongest)Worst (F- is strongest base)Least reactive
C-Cl177339ModerateModerate
C-Br193285GoodHigh
C-I214 (longest)213 (weakest)Best (I- is weakest base)Most reactive

Comparison of Haloalkanes vs Haloarenes:

PropertyHaloalkanes (R-X)Haloarenes (Ar-X)
Carbon hybridizationsp3sp2 (aromatic ring)
C-X bond typePure single bondPartial double bond (resonance)
C-X bond length (Cl)177 pm (chloroethane)169 pm (chlorobenzene)
Reactivity toward Nu substitutionHigh (SN1 or SN2)Very low (requires harsh conditions)
Mechanism of Nu substitutionSN1 or SN2Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS)
Example conditions for Nu subNaOH, 25°C, aqueous623 K, 300 atm (Dow process)
Resonance in C-X bond?NoYes (Cl lone pair → ring)

Like these notes? Save your own copy and start studying with NoteTube's AI tools.

Sign up free to clone these notes