(1) Finding V and W: Given charge configurations, find V at a point, then W = qV for bringing another charge. Remember V is scalar — much easier than vector E. (2) E from V: Given V(x,y,z), find E = -grad(V). Partial derivatives. (3) Equivalent capacitance: Reduce complex networks using series/parallel rules. Look for symmetry (Wheatstone bridge analog: if two points are at equal V, the connecting capacitor carries no charge). (4) Dielectric problems: Identify battery on/off, then apply the correct column of changes. (5) Energy problems: Track what's conserved (Q or V) and use the appropriate energy formula. (6) Redistribution: Common potential, energy loss. (7) Capacitor with varying dielectric: Model as series or parallel. (8) Force on dielectric: F = $\frac{dU}{dx}$ with appropriate constraint (constant Q or constant V).