| 1 | Agar comes from brown algae | Agar comes from RED algae (Gelidium, Gracilaria) | Brown algae = seaweed = associated with all marine products |
| 2 | In bryophytes, sporophyte is dominant | GAMETOPHYTE is dominant in bryophytes | In all higher plants, sporophyte is dominant — students generalise |
| 3 | Prothallus is part of moss life cycle | Prothallus is the gametophyte of PTERIDOPHYTES; mosses have PROTONEMA | Confusion between protonema (moss) and prothallus (fern) |
| 4 | All pteridophytes are heterosporous | ONLY Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous; most are homosporous | Students remember the concept but misapply examples |
| 5 | Cycas is monoecious | Cycas is DIOECIOUS femaleplantsseparatemale | Pinus (monoecious) and Cycas (dioecious) are easily confused |
| 6 | Pinus is dioecious | Pinus is MONOECIOUS (both cones on same plant) | Same as above — Pinus-Cycas confusion |
| 7 | Ginkgo is a green conifer | Ginkgo has FAN-SHAPED, DECIDUOUS leaves — not needle-like | Students picture all gymnosperms as needle-leaved conifers |
| 8 | Sporophyte of bryophytes is photosynthetically independent | Bryophyte sporophyte is DEPENDENT on gametophyte for nutrition | Confusion with pteridophyte sporophyte which IS independent |
| 9 | Gymnosperms produce gametes that swim | Only CYCAS and Ginkgo retain motile sperm; PINUS sperm are non-motile | Students think all gymnosperms are like Cycas |
| 10 | Monocot vascular bundles are in a ring | Monocot bundles are SCATTERED; Ring arrangement = DICOTS | Ring vs scattered is confused when visualising cross-sections |