Part of ME-04 — Work, Energy & Power

Collisions: Classification and Formulae

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Classification

PropertyElastic (e = 1)Perfectly Inelastic (e = 0)Partially Inelastic (0 < e < 1)
MomentumConservedConservedConserved
KEConservedNOT (max loss)NOT (partial loss)
Bodies afterSeparateStick togetherSeparate
ExampleAtomic collisionsBullet in blockReal macroscopic

Elastic Collision (1D) — Formulae

v1=(m1m2)u1+2m2u2m1+m2v_1 = \frac{(m_1 - m_2)u_1 + 2m_2 u_2}{m_1 + m_2}

v2=(m2m1)u2+2m1u1m1+m2v_2 = \frac{(m_2 - m_1)u_2 + 2m_1 u_1}{m_1 + m_2}

Special cases:

Casev_{1} afterv_{2} after
m_{1} = m_{2} (u_{2} = 0)0u_{1}
m_{1} >> m_{2} (u_{2} = 0)≈ u_{1}≈ 2u_{1}
m_{1} << m_{2} (u_{2} = 0)≈ −u_{1}≈ 0

Perfectly Inelastic Collision

vf=m1u1+m2u2m1+m2v_f = \frac{m_1 u_1 + m_2 u_2}{m_1 + m_2}

ΔKEloss=m1m2(u1u2)22(m1+m2)\Delta KE_{\text{loss}} = \frac{m_1 m_2 (u_1 - u_2)^2}{2(m_1 + m_2)}

For m_{1} = m_{2}, u_{2} = 0: vf=u12v_f = \frac{u_1}{2}; KE loss = 50%.

Coefficient of Restitution

e=relative velocity of separationrelative velocity of approach=v2v1u1u2e = \frac{\text{relative velocity of separation}}{\text{relative velocity of approach}} = \frac{v_2 - v_1}{u_1 - u_2}

For bouncing ball (dropped from H, bounces to h): e=hHe = \sqrt{\frac{h}{H}}

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