Closed pipe: node at closed end, antinode at open end. for . Frequencies: . Only odd harmonics: , , , ... The fundamental is half that of an open pipe of the same length. The missing even harmonics give the closed pipe a "hollow" or "dull" sound quality. First overtone of closed pipe () is the 3rd harmonic, NOT the 2nd.
Part of JWAVE-02 — Waves: Standing Waves, Beats & Doppler Effect
Closed Pipe Harmonics — Only Odd
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