| 1 | Whittaker proposed Five Kingdom Classification in 1969 | Five criteria: cell type, body org., nutrition, reproduction, phylogenetics |
| 2 | Monera = all prokaryotes (no membrane-bound nucleus) | Only kingdom with prokaryotes |
| 3 | Archaebacteria cell walls lack peptidoglycan | Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles |
| 4 | Mycoplasma = smallest living cell with NO cell wall | Prokaryote (Monera), NOT eukaryote |
| 5 | Cyanobacteria = prokaryote in Monera (NOT Protista/Plantae) | Fix N2 via heterocysts; Nostoc, Anabaena |
| 6 | Diatom cell wall = silica (SiO2) frustules → diatomaceous earth | Chrysophytes in Protista |
| 7 | Euglena = mixotrophic; has pellicle (not cell wall) | Protista — not plant, not animal |
| 8 | Gonyaulax (dinoflagellate) causes red tides | Cellulose plates, bioluminescent |
| 9 | Fungi cell wall = Chitin; energy storage = Glycogen (not starch) | Different from plants on both counts |
| 10 | Phycomycetes = coenocytic (aseptate) mycelium + zygospores | Mucor, Rhizopus, Albugo |
| 11 | Ascomycetes = sac fungi → ascospores in asci | Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Claviceps |
| 12 | Basidiomycetes = club fungi → basidiospores on basidia | Agaricus, Ustilago (smut), Puccinia (rust) |
| 13 | Deuteromycetes = imperfect fungi → conidia only (no sexual stage) | Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma |
| 14 | Lichen = Phycobiont (alga) + Mycobiont (fungus) | Bioindicator of SO2 air pollution |
| 15 | Virus = DNA OR RNA (never both) + protein coat (capsid) | Obligate intracellular parasite |
| 16 | TMV = RNA virus; rod-shaped; helical coat; discovered by Ivanowsky (1892) | RNA virus, plant disease |
| 17 | Viroid = naked circular RNA, no protein coat; T.O. Diener (1971) | Potato spindle tuber disease; plants only |
| 18 | Prion = misfolded protein, no nucleic acid; Prusiner (1982) | BSE, CJD; animals only |
| 19 | Protozoan locomotion: Sarcodina (pseudopodia), Ciliata (cilia), Sporozoa (non-motile), Flagellata (flagella) | PACS mnemonic |
| 20 | Plasmodium (malaria protozoan — Sporozoa) ≠ Plasmodium (slime mould body stage) | Different organisms — same term |