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Part of CL-01 — Biological Classification

Cell Structure Diagram — Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

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Average prokaryotic cell (bacterial cell) structure with labeled components — cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, flagellum Attribution: LadyofHats, Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain

Prokaryotic Cell (Monera) — Labelled Structures

Label No.	Structure	Description	NEET Relevance
1	Nucleoid	Region of DNA — not membrane-bound	Distinguishes prokaryote from eukaryote
2	Cell membrane (plasma membrane)	Phospholipid bilayer	Site of respiration in prokaryotes (no mitochondria)
3	Cell wall	Peptidoglycan in eubacteria; absent in Mycoplasma; non-peptidoglycan in Archaea	Basis of Gram staining classification
4	Capsule / Slime layer	Polysaccharide outer coating	Protection, virulence factor
5	Flagellum	Protein filament for motility	Not found in all bacteria
6	Pili / Fimbriae	Hair-like appendages	Attachment, conjugation
7	Ribosome (70S)	Protein synthesis	70S in prokaryotes vs 80S in eukaryotes
8	Plasmid	Extra-chromosomal circular DNA	Gene transfer, antibiotic resistance
9	Mesosome	Infolding of plasma membrane	Site of respiration and DNA replication
10	Heterocyst (in Cyanobacteria)	Thick-walled differentiated cell	Anaerobic $N_{2}$ fixation via nitrogenase

Comparison: Gram +ve vs Gram -ve Bacteria

Feature	Gram-Positive	Gram-Negative
Peptidoglycan layer	Thick (multiple layers)	Thin (single layer)
Outer membrane (LPS)	Absent	Present
Crystal violet stain retention	Retains (appears purple)	Does not retain $\frac{appears pink}{red after safranin}$
Susceptibility to lysozyme	Higher	Lower (protected by outer membrane)
Examples	Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Streptococcus	E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio

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