Topic: BIO-02 Ultimate Cheat Sheet — Last-Minute Revision Before NEET
MICROBES IN FOOD (6 organisms — use "Lazy Students Prefer Playing And Drinking"):
| Microbe | Product | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus | Curd | Lactic acid fermentation; +Vitamin B12 |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Bread, Ethanol, Wine, Beer | (leavening) + Ethanol (fermentation) |
| Propionibacterium shermanii | Swiss cheese holes | during ripening creates holes |
| Penicillium roqueforti | Roquefort cheese | Blue-green mold ripening |
| Aspergillus niger | Citric acid | Organic acid fermentation |
| Acetobacter aceti | Vinegar | Aerobic ethanol → acetic acid |
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS (3 categories):
| Category | Product | Organism | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic | Penicillin | Penicillium notatum (discovered 1928 by Fleming) | Gram-positive infections |
| Antibiotic | Streptomycin | Streptomyces griseus | TB, gram-negative |
| Enzyme | Streptokinase | Streptococcus | Clot-buster (NOT antibiotic!) |
| Enzyme | Lipases/Proteases | Various | Laundry detergents |
| Enzyme | Pectinase | Aspergillus | Juice clarification |
| Bioactive | Lovastatin | Monascus purpureus | Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase → lowers cholesterol |
| Bioactive | Cyclosporin A | Trichoderma polysporum | Immunosuppressant (organ transplant) |
SEWAGE TREATMENT:
- Primary = PHYSICAL (screening, sedimentation) — minimal BOD reduction
- Secondary = BIOLOGICAL (aeration + aerobic microbes) — 85-95% BOD reduction
- Anaerobic digestion = METHANOGENS (Methanobacterium) → Biogas ( + + )
- BOD Rule: HIGH BOD = HIGH POLLUTION
BIOFERTILIZERS (RANG):
| Organism | Type | Benefit | Crops |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rhizobium | Symbiotic bacterium | fixation in LEGUME nodules | Legumes ONLY |
| Azotobacter | Free-living bacterium | fixation in soil | Wheat, vegetables |
| Azospirillum | Free-living bacterium | fixation near roots | Cereals, grasses |
| Anabaena/Nostoc | Cyanobacteria | fixation + organic matter | PADDY FIELDS |
| Glomus (mycorrhiza) | Symbiotic fungus | PHOSPHORUS uptake (NOT !) | Broad range |
BIOCONTROL:
| Agent | Target | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) | Lepidoptera larvae | Cry proteins → gut cell lysis |
| NPV (Nucleopolyhedrovirus) | Specific insect species | Viral replication → death (species-specific) |
| Trichoderma | Soil FUNGAL pathogens | Mycoparasitism + antibiosis |
| Ladybird beetles | Aphids | Predation |
TOP 5 NEET TRAPS (1 mark each — memorize these!):
- Swiss cheese holes = Propionibacterium shermanii (NOT Lactobacillus)
- Streptokinase = enzyme from Streptococcus (NOT an antibiotic)
- Mycorrhiza = phosphorus (NOT nitrogen)
- High BOD = MORE pollution (NOT less)
- Streptomycin = Streptomyces griseus (NOT Streptococcus)