Electroplating: object to be plated is the cathode, plating metal is the anode, electrolyte contains the plating metal's ions. Example: silver plating uses Ag anode, object as cathode, AgCN/KCN solution. Electrorefining: impure metal is anode, pure metal is cathode, metal salt solution is electrolyte. Impurities either dissolve (more reactive metals stay in solution) or settle as "anode mud" (less reactive metals like Au, Ag). Used for Cu, Zn, Al purification. Electroextraction: electrolysis of molten salts for reactive metals (Na from NaCl in Downs process, Al from Al2O3 in Hall-Heroult process).