Topic: Active Recall — Fill in the Blanks (BIO-02)

Section A: Microbes in Food

1. Lactobacillus converts milk to curd via ________ fermentation and simultaneously increases ________ content. [lactic acid; vitamin B12]

2. The large holes in Swiss cheese are caused by $CO_{2}$ produced by ________. [Propionibacterium shermanii]

3. ________ gives Roquefort cheese its blue-green veined appearance. [Penicillium roqueforti]

4. ________ converts ethanol to acetic acid (vinegar) under aerobic conditions. [Acetobacter aceti]

5. Citric acid for the food industry is produced by ________ through organic acid fermentation. [Aspergillus niger]

Section B: Industrial Microbiology 6. Penicillin was discovered by ________ in ________ from ________. [Alexander Fleming; 1928; Penicillium notatum]

7. Streptokinase is produced by ________ and functions as a ________ agent. [Streptococcus; thrombolytic (clot-busting)]

8. ________ inhibits HMG-CoA reductase to lower blood cholesterol. It is produced by ________. [Lovastatin; Monascus purpureus]

9. ________ produced by Trichoderma polysporum is used as an ________ in organ transplantation. [Cyclosporin A; immunosuppressant]

10. Lipases and proteases are added to ________ to remove fat and protein stains. [laundry detergents]

Section C: Sewage Treatment 11. BOD stands for ________ and measures ________. [Biochemical Oxygen Demand; dissolved oxygen consumed by microbes to decompose organic matter]

12. Primary sewage treatment is a ________ process; secondary treatment is ________. [physical; biological]

13. In aeration tanks, aerobic microbes consume organic matter, ________ BOD significantly. [reducing]

14. ________ (a methanogen) converts sludge to biogas in anaerobic digesters. [Methanobacterium]

15. Biogas consists of ________, ________, and ________. [methane ($CH_{4}$); carbon dioxide ($CO_{2}$); hydrogen sulfide ($H_{2}S$)]

Section D: Biofertilizers and Biocontrol 16. ________ forms root nodules with legumes for symbiotic $N_{2}$ fixation. [Rhizobium]

17. Mycorrhiza (________ species) primarily enhances ________ uptake, NOT nitrogen. [Glomus; phosphorus]

18. Bt toxin (Cry proteins) produced by ________ is toxic to ________ larvae. [Bacillus thuringiensis; lepidopteran]

19. ________ is a baculovirus used in biocontrol due to its high ________. [Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV); species-specificity]

20. ________ are cyanobacteria used as biofertilizers in paddy fields. [Anabaena and Nostoc]